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Aarno Karimo (1886-1952) - surname until 1906 Hasselqvist |
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Finnish soldier, writer,
illustrator, painter, disciple of Akseli
Gallen-Kallela (1865-1931). Aarno Karimo is best known
for
his four-volume Kumpujen yöstä
(1929-32, From the Darkness of the Tombs). This massive opus, written
in the form of short stories, depicted the history of Finland from
stone
age to the independence struggle. It was illustrated by full-colour
reproductions of Karimo's paintings and drawings.
Both as
a storyteller and illustrator Karimo was influenced by
romantic patriotism and the Greater Finland ideology. "Hän koetti tunkeutua mahdollisimman syvälle suomalaisen kansan sieluun ja sen ongelmiin, moninaisiin, arvaamattomiin. Hänessä itsessään oli taipumusta mystiikkaan, jolle suomalainen henki on aina ollut altis, yksilönä ja kansanakin. . . . Tervettä henkeä ja ilmaisumuotoa hän rakasti, vaati sitä muiltakin, ja oli tuiman kiivas kaikkea epätervettä, perversiä kohtan, missä sitä vain ilmenikin, taiteessa tai muussakin elämässä." (Karimo on Akseli Gallen-Kallela, in Miehiä ja miehenalkuja by Aarno Karimo, Porvoo: Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö, 1936, p. 201) Aarno
Karimo was born in Parikkala, the son of Sanfrid
Hasselqvist, a farmer, and Ida Matilda (Forsblom) Hasselqvist. After
attending the Lappeenranta co-educational school, he studied art
at
Taideyhdistyksen piirustuskoulu (Art Association's Drawing School) and
then continued his studies in St. Petersburg (1907-08). In 1914 he
married Aino Olivia Lindqvist. His first
exhibition Karimo held
in 1907. From 1910 Karimo worked in Viipuri for the magazine Karjala
as an illustrator, columnist and theatre critic. He also published cartoons in Ampiainen and Velikulta,
one of the most popular magazines of the period, which featured
works from such artists as Hjalmar Löfving, Aleksander Federley,
and Jalmari Ruokokoski. The major targets of Karimo's political
caricatures were Russian politicians. In spite of being conservative,
Karimo
also contributed to the leftist Piiska. (Poliittinen karikatyyri
suomalaisissa pilalehdissä 1868-1917 by Juhani Mylläri,
Jyväskylä: Jyväskylän yliopisto, 1983, p. 76) Many of the humor
magazines, which
published drawings, were short lived and paid little or nothing to
contributors. Piiska survived to 1917. During the Finnish
Civil War, Karimo served as a battery leader in White Guards on Carelian
Front. Later he depicted his experiences in Valkoinen armeija
(1928) and other books. The young government did not
believe in the future of the Civil Guards, and planned to suppress
them, but because of the lobbying of influential figures,
the organization was legalized and established again. Between the years 1918 and 1925, Karimo worked in Viipuri as the district administrator of the Civil Guard. There, with colonel Adolf Aminoff (1865-1938) and the Jager captain Urho Sihvonen (1894-1954) he arranged in 1919 the first jubilee Finland's War of Independence. It became an integral part of the city's public image for the next twenty years. In 1926 Karimo was appointed editor-in-chief of Hakkapeliitta, mouthpiece of the Finnish Civil Guard. He created the cover illustrations for several issues. After leaving the magazine in 1927, Karimo had a short stint at the publishing house WSOY, and then became a full-time writer. In the science fiction novel Kohtalon kolmas hetki (1926, The Third Moment of Fate), published by Schildt, Karimo portrayed a war between Finland and Russia. The story, set in 1967-68, is a full-blooded representative of the political ideas about Greater Finland. Russia is ruled by a Jewish dictator: "Pahat kielet sitävastoin kertoivat hänen olevan juutalaisen komissaarin äpäräpojan. Ja jos oikein tarkkaan ja asiantuntemuksella katseli keisarin ulkomuotoa, huomasi kiharassa tukassa ja viiksissä sekä turpeissa huulissa ja ennen kaikkea lihakkaiden korvien seemiläisessä sijoittelussa merkkejä, jotka panivat arveluttavasti epäilemään pahojen kielien kuiskaavan totuuden." (Ibid., p. 123) Like
in the First World
War, lethal gas is used on the battlefield. (Noteworthy, Finland had
signed in 1925 the Geneva Gas Protocol, which prohibited the use of
poisonous gases in international armed conflicts; the Soviet Union
ratified it with a reservation in 1928.) At the end, the technically
superior Finnish
army crushes the Russians with the help of miracle weapons and a Tatar
officer, Dsungar Khan, a direct descendant of the legendary conqueror
Dzenghis Khan. "Maamme on nyt tehty suureksi. Siihen ovat liitetyt
kaikki ne Suomen heimot, jotka siihen voidaan liittää. Nyt vasta alkaa
kansamme suuri aika." (Ibid., p. 379) The story was originally published in a serialized form in the magazine
Hakkapeliitta.
Plan to continue the story in 'Kahden tulen välissä' (Between two
fires), about a war between Europe and the
'Yellow Peril' in 1990, was abandoned. (Kuviteltu tulevaisuus: tieteiskirjallisuus Suomessa 1803-1944 by Jari Koponen and Vesa Sisättö, Helsinki: Avain, 2024 pp. 202-203)
Forebodings of war with Russia
were part of the national conscious – vision of the eastern neighbour
as unreliable,
unpredictable, and hostile has a deep-rooted historical background. "We
have always had an imperialistic neighbour. And I am not referring to
Norway. Since the 14th century, Sweden and Finland have waged more than
30 wars with Russia and the threat from the east is one of the factors
that has always united us." ('Speech
by President of the Republic of Finland Alexander Stubb at the Swedish
Parliament, the Riksdag, on 23 April 2024';
www.presidentti.fi/en/home/) In
Jalmari Kara's novel Suur-Isänmaa: romaani menneisyydestä, nykyisyydestä ja tulevaisuudesta
(1918, The Great Fatherland), written under the pseudonym Kapteeni Teräs,
St. Petersburg is totally destroyed in
1946. "Tykit jyrisivät lakkaamatta, granaatit räiskyivät ja
leimahtelivat, repien suuria kappaleita Pietarin komeista palatseista,
yhä uudestaan ja uudestaan ja vihdoin luhistaen raunioiksi kaiken sen,
minkä tuli säästi." (Ibid., p. 376) Karimo
was possibly inspired by the adventures of Geog (Yrjö) Elfvengren
(1889-1927), a Finnish-born officer, who fought on the side of the
Crimean Tatars against the Bolsheviks and then participated in the
Civil War on the White side. (''Our Secret Weapon' – Minority Strategies of the Finnish Tatars 1890-1945 '' by Ainur Elmgren, Journal of Finnish Studies, Vol. 24, No. 1&2, 2021, p. 78) Karimo's four-volume, richly illustrated Kumpujen
yöstä contained altogether 1450 pages and weighted
7.5 kilos. It was a great commercial success. The work reflected
Finland's new national identity, the search of
nation's roots from its mythical heroic past and from the rich medieval
picture world. A valued gift, it found a special place in the
bookshelves of Finnish homes. Karimo had no real model for the book he
made; some influences came from Carl Grimberg's Svenska folkets underbara öden (1913-1924) and Einar W. Juva's Suomen kansan aikakirjat 1-10 (1927–38).
The title was from Arvid Genetz's poem 'Karjala' (1889): "Ja urhoot
astuvat kumpuin yöstä / Ja kertovat muinaiskansan työstä". (Muistoja ja toiveita ystäville jouluksi by Arvi Jännes, Helsinki: Weilin & Göös, 1889, p. 9) "Pääsemme tänä iltana yhä varmempaan vakaumukseen siitä asiasta, että Saksaa eivät enää hallitse germaanit, vaan juutalaiset, tämä "valittu kansa", jonka suuria avuja päntätään valkoisten lasten päähän jokaisella uskontotunnilla. Nähtävästi tarvitaan jo vähitellen uusi Martti Lutherus nimenomaan tätä asiaa ajamaan. Maailman seuraava suuri tehtävä tulee olemaan epäilemättä olemaan yhä polttavamman juutalaiskysymyksen ratkaiseminen, mutta läheskään kaikkien ihmisten silmät eivät vielä ole avautuneet." (Germaaneja: matkatarinoita sekä piirroksia Ruotsista, Norjasta, Tanskasta ja Saksasta,, by Aarno Karimo, Porvoo: Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö, 1930, p. 340) While
still working on the tetralogy, Karimo traveled in Sweden, Norway,
Denmark, and Germany "by car, boat, train, horse, on foot and socks". Germaaneja
(1930) gave an account his impressions of the political and social
situation of these
countries. Karimo's
antisemitic attitude casts a dark shadow on his travelogue – his
opinions about the solving of the "Jewish problem" are straight from
Nazi propaganda. "Matkakirjassaan "Germaaneja" Aarno Karimo kuvaa käyntiään eräässä ylellisessä, vasta avatussa berliiniläisessä tanssiravintolassa. Vieraiden joukossa oli rasvainen juutalainen pankkiirityyppi silmiinpistävästi etualalla. Tämä Gobseck tanssitti vaaleita germaanilaisia kaunottaria, jotka eivät moraalisesti olleet ihanteellisella kannalla. Aineellisempaa ja aistillisempaa tilannetta ei ole. Karimo liittää kuvaukseensa mietelmiä, joissa hän lausuu ihmettelynsä siitä, kuinka kauan tämä materialistinen juutalainen herruus saattaa jatkua." ('Saksan vallankumouksen vaiheita: Hitler ja hänen oppinsa' by Rafael Koskimies, Valvoja-Aika, Nos. 7-8, July-August 1933, pp. 316-317) Several of Karimo's books were illustrated by colour reproductions from his own paintings or drawings. For Arne Somersalo (1891-1941), an influential member of the far-right People's Patriotic Movement (IKL) and editor of Ajan Suunta magazine, Karimo designed the cover of Lapuan tie (1930). In this book Somersalo defended the fascist Lappo movement and its anti-democratic, violent activities. Karimo's Kumpujen yöstä was recommended reading for the IKL's youth organization, the Blue-Blacks. Although Karimo was one of the most outspoken advocates of the socio-political ideology associated with the Nazi Germany, he was not a solitary figure. Among the visible promoters of German culture in Finland in the 1930s and '40s were the writers V. A. Koskenniemi (1885-1962) and Maila Talvio (1871-1951), the literary scholar Rafael Koskimes (1898-1977), the art historian Ludvig Wennervirta, and so on, much of the Finnish right-wing cultural elite. Miehiä ja miehenalkuja was collection of Karimo's autobiographical stories. He admired President P. E. Svinhufvud (1861-1944), the leading conservative in the 1930s. They first met in 1910 in Terijoki and later during the civil war and in Luumäki. "Ukko Pekka," as he was nicknamed, was an active member of the local Civil Guard. "Tässä Ukon ampumisasiassa on suuremmoista se, että hän alkoi tavallisena rivimiehenä, tavallisena miehenä muiden joukossa, ja jatkoi samaan tapaan myöhemminkin eikä hellittänyt valtakunnan pääksi taas tultuaankin. Hänen esimerkkinsä on kohottanut meille niin välttämätöntä ampumataitoa enemmän kuin jaksetaan arvatakaan." (Ibid., p. 141) C. G. Mannerheim (1867-1951) in mentioned a few times. The marshal's baton, which Karimo designed, was relatively heavy and Mannerheim used it only on special occasions. The baton was hollow and contained the letter of his appointment. At the beginning of the Continuation War between Finland and the Soviet Union (1941-44), Karimo served at the Headquarters, where he put his artistic talents into creating medals of honors. Hostilities ended in September 1944. Following an order of the so-called Valvontakomissio (Controlling Commission led by the Soviets), "politically incorrect" books were removed from public libraries, includinf some of Karimo's works. Kumpujen yöstä was published again in 1953-54, but in an abridged edition, in which patriotic pathos was softened and many violent images were left out. Karimo's compelling and entertaining stories of Finnish
history reached young and old readers. He was an engaging and entertaining writer. Among his friends was Sakari
Pälsi (1882-1965), an archeologist,
folklorist, and explorer, who wrote such highly popular juvenile novels
as Ja sitten äitini antoi minulle tukkapöllyä (1931) and Fallesmannin
Arvo ja minä (1932). As an expert in ethnology Pälsi also helped
Karimo especially in the first part of Kumpujen yöstä. A number of original paintings made for Kumpujen yöstä was sold in an exhibition at Galleria Strindberg in the 1930s to private collections. Karimo's paintings and drawings also ended up in the National Museum and War Museum. Aarno Karimo died in Helsinki, on March 13, 1952. Like many writers of the far-right, Karimo kept a low profile after the war. History offered an
outlet for his creativity. Kuva-Kalevala
(Pictures of Kalevala), a richly illustrated edition of the national
epic, was published by
Pellervo-Seura in 1953. It was aimed at to be a Gesamtkunstwerk, a work of book
art, in
which graphic design would merge seamlessly with the world of the
poems. Basically, the concept was similar to that of a well-made book
developed by William Morris
(1834-1896). With the leather-back binding, the
work was meant to be impressive – moverover, compared to
Gallen-Kallela's steady-seller Koru-Kalevala
(16 x 23 cm) from 1922, it was much bigger (21,5 cm x 30 cm). Karimo's
ideas were never fully realized. He had began to plan it after the war,
and
managed to finish all full-page pictures. Following Karimo's sketches,
the artist Hugo Otava completed some of the smaller pictures at the
beginning of the chapters. For further reading: Kuviteltu tulevaisuus: tieteiskirjallisuus Suomessa 1803-1944 by Jari Koponen and Vesa Sisättö (2024); Novels, Histories, Novel Nations: Historical Fiction and Cultural Memory in Finland and Estonia, edited by Linda Kaljundi, Eneken Laanes, Ilona Pikkanen (2015); Rumpu ja miekka: näkökulmia sotilasperinteeseen, ed. by Markus Anaja (2007); Visions of Past Glory: Nationalism and the Construction of Early Finnish History by Derek Fewster (2006); 'Karimo, Aarno,' by Mikko Uola, in Suomen kansallisbiografia, ed. by Matti Klinge, et al. (2004); Aarno Karimon kalevalainen kansa by Varpu Wilska (1989); Poliittinen karikatyyri suomalaisissa pilalehdissä 1868-1917 by Juhani Mylläri (1983). Note: Literary historians have mostly ignored Karimo's work. The author is not mentioned in A History of Finnish Literature by Jaakko Ahokas (1973), Suomen kirjallisuuden historia by Kai Laitinen (1998) and A History of Finland's Literature, edited by George C. Schoolfield (1998) Selected works:
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