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Vera (Mary) Brittain (1893-1970) |
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British pacifist, feminist, poet, and novelist. Vera Brittain's novels are largely autobiographical. Her best-known work is Testament of Youth (1933), a story of 'the lost generation' and the irrevocable changes in her life caused by World War I. Its has been sometimes compared to Robert Graves's more bitter autobiography Goodbye to All That (1929) – both are personal farewells to the past and the England they knew. In Testament of Friendship (1940) Brittain told about her close friendship with the writer Winifred Holtby, who died in 1935. The work has gained the status of an important feminist text. "I have tried to write the exact truth as I saw and see it about both myself and other people, since a book of this kind has no value unless it is honest. I have also made as much use as possible of old letters and diaries, because it seemed to me that the contemporary opinions, however crude and ingenuous, of youth in the period under review were at least as important a part of its testament as retrospective reflections heavy with knowledge. I make no apology for the fact that some of these documents renew with fierce vividness the stark agonies of my generation in its early twenties." (Testament of Youth by Vera Brittain, Ninth impression December 1933, p. 12) Vera Brittain was born at Newcastle under Lyme, Staffordshire, the
daughter of Thomas Brittain, a wealthy paper manufacturer, and Edith
Bervon. Her childhood years Brittain spend in Macclesfield with her
brother Edward who was less than two years her junior. She was educated
at St Monica's School. After completing her final term, she returned to
her parents' home in Buxton, Derbyshire. To escape the Northern
provinces and her sheltered life, she wanted to continue her studies at
Somerville College, Oxford. Her father first rejected the idea, but
eventually her parents gave up their opposition. Thomas Brittain, who
had suffered from depression for many years, drowned himself in 1935. "When the Great War broke out, it came to me not as superlative tragedy," wrote Brittain in the opening lines of Testament of Youth,
"but as an interruption of the most exasperating kind to my personal
plans." Brittain left Somerville temporarily and served as a Voluntary
Aid Detachment nurse. Her fiancé, Roland Leighton, was killed by a
sniper's bullet in April 1915. "Nothing in the papers, not the most
vivid & heartbreaking descriptions, have made me realize war like
your
letters," she had written to Leighton shortly after she arrived on the
Western Front. (Letters from a Lost Generation: The First World War Letters of Vera Brittain and Four Friends, edited by Alan Bishop and Mark Bostridge, 1999, p. 1) She also lost her younger brother Edward, who died in
1918 on the Italian Front, and two close friends, Geoffrey Thurlow and
Victor Nicholson. Their moving correspondence, Letters from a Lost Generation, came out in 1999. As a VAD nurse, Brittain had first hand experience of women's changing role in society. She worked in hospitals in Malta and near the Western Front, nursing English soldiers and German prisoners, and witnessing the consequences of modern combat. These experiences turned Brittain into a convicted pacifist, and an active member of peace movements in both England and the United States. After the war she returned to her studies at Oxford with a strenghtend commitment to feminism. Before moving to London in 1922, where she devoting herself to writing, Brittain worked for a period as a teacher. Between the years 1921 and 1925 she travelled extensively in Europe. Her journeys included visits to the Rhineland, the Ruhr, and Cologne, during the post-war occupation of Germany. In 1925 Brittain married the political scientist George C.G. Catlin (1896-1979), who was later appointed professor of politics at Cornell University and knighted in 1970. Soon after their marriage they went to the United States and lived for a year in Ithaca, New York. While George Caitlin lived in the United States, working at Cornell, Brittain remained in England. She developed a close friendship with the novelist and ardent feminist Winifred Holtby (1898-1935), whom she had met in 1919 at Somerville College in Oxford. Holtby had served during World War I in the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps. After completing their studies, they settled in 1922 in a flat in London as aspiring writers. Neither of two women regarded their relationship as lesbian; Brittain's vision of sexual relations was traditional. However, when she married Catlin, Holtby continued to live with the couple. Holtby's novel Anderby Wold appeared in 1923. Her final novel, South Riding (1936), was set in Yorkshire, and told the story of an enterprising headmistress Sarah Burton. Basically Brittain believed, that all writing should be based on the writer's life. Her first novel, The Dark Tide (1923) was an account of life in Oxford and the sexism she encountered
there, and her early struggles as a woman to achieve an education. The
central characters, Virginia Dennison and Daphne Lethbridge, were the
thinly veiled Vera Brittain and Winifred Holtby. It provoked a storm of
protests in Oxford, where the dons believed it would bring bad
publicity for the college. Her wartime experiences and marriage to
George Caitlin were recounted in Testament of Youth. The book was based on her diary, which she began in 1913, and which was published in 2000 under the title Phoenix: Chronicle of Youth. Testament of Youth
was an immediate bestseller, selling more than 3,000 copies its first
day out. Even Virginia Woolf, who had declared that she was bored by
war books, wrote in her diary: "A very good book of its sort. The new
sort, the hard anguished sort, that the young write; that I could never
write." (Politics and Aesthetics in The Diary of Virginia Woolf by Joanne Tidwell, 2008, p. 59) Brittain did not know Woolf personally; eleven years younger than Woolf, she was from a bit of a different generation. Brittain joined the Peace Pledge Union of Canon Dick Sheppard, and
also fought for peace during World War II. Against the dominating
climate of opinion, in Seed of Chaos (1944)
she attacked the saturation bombing of Germany. The book did not
disguish between British area bombing and American precision bombing. Seed of Chaos was
rejected unanimously both in England and America. She criticized, again, area bombing in March 1944 in the Quaker magazine Fellowship
in article, saying that "Hundreds of thousands of helpless and
innocent people are being subjected to forms of death and injury
comparable to the worst tortures of the middle ages . . . Nothing less
than absolute certainty [that these bombings would shorten the war]
entitles even thr most ardent of the war's supporters to use these
dreadful expedients." ('The Bombing Campaign: the USAAF' by Douglas P. Lackey, in Terror from the Sky: The Bombing of German Cities in World War II, edited Igor Primoratz, 2010, p. 52) The article was preceded by a public
statement signed by twenty-eight leaders of American Protestant
churches, which was reported on the front page of the New York Times. Brittain's writings
undermined the USAAF public relations image of engaging in clean
infrastructural strikes. President Roosevelt, who agreed to help destroy Dresden in 1945,
responded to her through a letter from his secretary, Steven
Early, published in the April 1944 issue of Fellowship. Early reported that the President was disturbed by civilian casualties. Although Brittain wrote after her autobiography several volumes of poetry and fiction, she is perhaps best remembered for Testament of Friendship (1940), a memorial to Winifred Holtby, and Testament of Experience (1957), a companion to the early autobiography, which covers the years 1925-50. Her other books include Born1925, a family saga dealing with the responses of two generations to World War II, Lady into Woman: A History of Women from Victoria to Elizabeth II (1953), Radclyffe Hall:a Case of Obscenity? (1968), which defended Hall's lesbian novel The Well of Loneliness. Brittain's diaries between 1913 and 1917 were published under the title Chronicle of Youth (1981). Vera Brittain was an Honorary Life President of the Society of Women Writers and Journalists, a vice-president of the National Peace Council, and a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature. She died in London on March 29, 1970. During her final illness, she wrote a pencilled note, "I loved Winifred, but I was not in love with her." (Self-portraits: Subjectivity in the Works of Vera Brittain by Andrea Peterson, 2006, p. 102) Brittain's daughter, Shirley Williams, was a prominent Labour Party politician and cabinet minister in 1960. She co-founded the Social Democratic Party in 1981 and served as its president in 1982-88. For further reading: On Second Thought by J. Gray (1946); The Vera Brittain Archive in McMaster University Library by T. Smart et al. (1977); Feminist Theorists by M. Mellown (1983); Vera Brittain by G. Handley-Taylor and J.M. Dockeray (1983); Between Ourselves, ed. by K. Payne (1984); Family Quartet by J. Catlin (1987); Vera Brittain. The Story of the Woman Who Wrote Testament of Youth by H. Bailey (1987); Eva Brittain and Winifred Holtby by J.E. Kenard (1989); A Life of Her Own: Feminism in Vera Brittain's Theory, Fiction, and Biography by Britta Zangen (1996); Vera Brittain: A Feminist Life by Deborah Gorham (1996); Letters from a Lost Generation: The First World War Letters of Vera Brittain and Four Friends, ed. by Alan Bishop (1999); Self-Portraits: Subjectivity in the Works of Vera Brittain by Andrea Peterson (2006); Vera Brittain and the First World War by Mark Bostridge (2014); Vera Brittain and the First World War: The Story of Testament of Youth by Mark Bostridge (2015) Selected works:
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