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Joseph Heller (1923-1999) |
American writer, who gained world fame with his satirical, anti-war novel Catch-22 (1961), set in the World War II Italy. The book was partly based on Heller's own experiences and influenced among others Robert Altman's comedy M*A*S*H, and the subsequent long-running TV series, set in the Korean War. The phrase "catch-22" has entered the English language to signify a no-win situation, particularly one created by a law, regulation or circumstance. "And don't tell me God works in mysterious ways," Yossarian continued, hurtling on over her objection. "There's nothing so mysterious about it. He's not working at all. He's playing. Or else He's forgotten all about us. That's the kind of God you people talk about—a country bumpkin, a clumsy, bungling, brainless, conceited, uncouth hayseed. Good God, how much reverence can you have for a Supreme Being who finds it necessary to include such phenomena as phlegm and tooth decay in His divine system of creation? What in the world was running through that warped, evil, scatalogical mind of His when He robbed old people of the power to control their bowel movements?" (from Catch-22 by Joseph Heller, introduction by Christopher Buckely, New York: Simon & Scuster, 2011, p. 179) Joseph Heller war born in Brooklyn, New York, the son of poor Jewish parents. His Russian-born father, Isaac Daniel Heller, was a bakery truck driver. He died in 1927 from a botched ulcer operation. The family – Heller's mother, Lena, who worked as a seamstress, his half-sister Sylvia, and his half-brother, Lee – lived in a small four-room apartment looking out on West 31st Street near Surf Avenue in Coney Island. Lena could barely speak English. She liked to read and Heller brough her from the Coney Island public library Yiddish translations of novels. Her favorite book was Tolstoy's Anna Karenina, which she read over and over. "Joe was a pain in the neck," one of Heller's schoolmates recalled. "He was brighter than all of us. He was a needler, a big mouth." After graduating from Abraham Lincoln High School in 1941, Heller joined the Twelfth Air Force. He was stationed in Corsica, where he flew 60 combat missions as a B-25 bombardier. After his discharge from the army, he married Shirley Held; they had met in New York's Catskill Mountains via a dance contest at Grossinger’s Resort. In 1949 Heller received his M.A. from Columbia University. He was a Fulbright scholar at Oxford in 1949-50, and then worked as a teacher at Pennsylvania State University (1950-52), copywriter for the magazines Time (1952-56), Look (1956-58), and promotion manager for McCall´s. Heller left McCall's in 1961 to teach fiction and dramatic writing at Yale University and the University of Pennsylvania. His first stories Heller sold already during his student times. They were published in such magazines as Atlantic Monthly and Esquire. The idea for Catch-22 came to Heller in the early 1950s. At that time he was employed as a copywriter at a small advertising agency and in the evenings he worked with his book in the foyer of a West End Avenue apartment. "As I've said and repeat, I wrote the first chapter in longhand one morning in 1953, hunched over my desk at the advertising agency (from ideas and words that had leaped into my mind only the night before); the chapter was published in the quarterly New World Writing #7 in 1955 under the title "Catch-18." (I received twenty-five dollars. The same issue carried a chapter from Jack Kerouac's On the Road, under a pseudonym.) In 1957, while working at Time, when the novel was only about half done, I received a contract for its publication from Bob Gottlieb at Simon & Schuster". (Now and Then: From Coney Island to Here, London: Simon & Schuster, 1998, p. 212) Because Leon Uris was preparing to release a war novel
entitled Mila 18
(1961) Heller changed his number from 18 to 14 and then to 22 from the
suggestion of his editor at Simon & Schuster, Robert Gottlieb –
because "it’s funnier than eighteen." Heller's work went largely
unnoticed until 1962, when its English publication received critical
praise. And in The New York World-Telegram Richard Starnes
opened his column with the prophetic words: "Yossarian will, I think,
live a very long time." An earlier reviewer called the book
"repetitious and monotonous", and another "dazzling performance that
will outrage nearly as many readers as it delights." When asked had he based his fictional characters on his war-mates, Heller mostly denied similarities, but it has been shown that there are counterparts to the men of the 340th Bomb Group. The protagonist, modelled after the author himself is Captain John Yossarian, lead bombardier of the 256th squadron. He is stationed at an airstrip on the fictitious island off the coast of Italy during WW II. Heller has said that he knew no fear until his 37th mission. "Until then, it was all play. I was so brainwashed by Hollywood's image of heroism that I was disappointed when nobody shot back at us." Following the Avignon mission in August 1944, described in the book, he suddenly realized: "Good God! They're trying to kill me, too!" (The True Story of Catch-22: The Real Men and Missions of Joseph Heller's 340th Bomb Group in World War II by Patricia Chapman Meder, 2012, pp. 43-49) Other characters include the conman Milo Minderbinder, company mess officer, who creates a successful black-market business, Major Major, Lieutenant Scheisskopf, who wants to turn his men into perfect parade ground robots, Chief White Halfoat, whose family is constantly chased and evicted by oil companies, and mail clerk Wintergreen, who is really running the war. Jossarian, struggles to retain his sanity and hopes to get a medical discharge by pretending to be insane. The story centers on the USAF regulation which suggests that willingness to fly dangerous combat missions must be considered insane, but if the airmen seek to be relieved on grounds of mental reasons, the request proves their sanity. According to an anecdote, Heller's Finnish translator wrote the author a letter asking, "Would you please explain me one thing: what means Catch-22?" Heller's absurd world follows the rules of Samuel Beckett and
Lewis
Carroll's Wonderland: "'Oh, you can't help that,' said the Cat: 'we're
all mad here. I'm mad. You're mad.' 'How do you know I'm mad?' said
Alice. 'You must be,' said the Cat, 'or you wouldn't have come here.'"
And as Alice, Yossarian eventually rejects the irrational logic of his
rabbit hole after his friends are killed or missing. But instead of
waking up, Yossarian decides to desert to Sweden. The
non-chronological, fragmented narrative underlines the surreal
experience of the characters and the contrast between real life and
illogicalities of war. It has been noted, that Heller's characters have
similarities with Louis Falstein's novel The Sky is a Lonely Place,
which was published earlier. Falstein depicts combat missions above
Mediterranean during WW II. However, Heller's tone is comic. The
publication of Catch-22 signaled a more experimental approach
to the war novel, anticipating such works as Thomas Pynchon's V.
(1963) and Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse-Five
(1969). Heller also expressed the emerging rebelliousness of the
Vietnam generation and criticism of mass society. Members of the rock
band Jefferson Airplane offered him LSD in San Francisco; Heller
replied with a refusal. Catch-22 has
enjoyed a steady sale since its
publication. Mike Nichols's movie version of the novel from 1970 is
considered disappointing, although its good cast tried its best.
Heller himself had nothing to do with the film, except that he read the
script. Nichols emphasized the absurdity of war, and as Heller, he
rejected
American militarism. Orson Welles, who also was interested in filming
the book, was cast in the role of General Dreedle. After Catch-22,
Heller worked on several Hollywood screenplays, such as Sex and the
Single Girl, Casino Royale,
and Dirty Dingus Magee,
and contributed to the TV show "McHale's Navy" under the pseudonym Max
Orange. In the 1960s Heller was involved with the anti-Vietnam war
protest movement. After a pause of 13 years Heller published his next novel, Something
Happened
(1974). It portrayed a corporation man
Bob Slocum, who suffers from insomnia and almost smells the disaster
mounting toward him. Slocum's life is undramatic, but he feels that his
happiness is threatened by unknown forces, horrors of everyday life.
"When an ambulance comes,
I'd rather not know for whom," he says in his monologue. "And when
children drown, choke, or are killed by automobiles or trains, I don't
want to know which children they are, because I'm always fraid they
might turn out to be mine." (Ibid., p. 6) Instead of
making him a lovable character, like the rebelliousYossarian,
he is portayed as a heartless, unhappy pessimist, who acts cynically as
a "wolf among a pack of wolves". Heller's wife haten the book, she felt it was too autobiographical. Vonnegut, Heller's friend, reviewed the novel for The New York Times. Heller knew that Vonnegut would not undertake the task unless he would write favorably about it. Some reviewers were disappointed but Vonnegut praised the novel as "clear and hard-edged as a cut diamond." (New York Times, October 6, 1974) We Bombed in New Haven (1968), Heller's play-within-a-play, was written in part to express his protest against the Vietnam war. It was produced on Broadway and ran for 86 performances. Catch-22 has also been dramatized. Before it was staged at the John Drew Theater in East Hampton, New York, July 13, 1971, a group of young actors, who had gone to high school together at Shawnee Mission East High School in Prairie Village, Kansas, put on a production in 1964. With Good as Gold (1979) Jewish themes began to emerge in Heller's work. The protagonist Bruce Gold tries to regain the Jewishness he has lost. Readers hailed the novel as Heller's return to puns and verbal games. God Knows (1984) was a modern version of the story of King David and an allegory of what it is like for a Jew to survive in a hostile world. David has decided that he has been given one of the best parts of the Bible. "I have suicide, regicide, patricide, homicide, fratricide, infanticide, adultery, incest, hanging, and more decapitations than just Saul's." (Ibid., p. 9) No Laughing Matter (1986), written with his friend Speed Vogel,
was a surprisingly cheerful account of Heller's experience as a victim
of Guillain-Barré syndrome, a neurological disease. During his recuperation Heller was visited
among others by Mario Puzo, Dustin Hoffman and Mel Brooks. Closing
Time (1994) is a sequel to Catch-22, depicting the current
lives of its heroes. Yossarian
is now 40 years older and as preoccupied with death as in the earlier
novel. "Thank God for the atom bomb," says Yossarian. Now and Then
(1998) is Heller's autobiographical work, evocation of his boyhood
home, Brooklyn's Coney Island in the 1920s and 30's. "It has struck me
since—it couldn't have done so then—that in Catch-22
and
in all my subsequent novels, and also in my one play, the resolution at
the end of what narrative there is evolves from the death of someone
in the chapter just before, and it is always the death of someone other than the main character." (Ibid., p. 229) After
recovering from his illness, Heller spoke with a slur in his speech and drooled a
little at mealtimes and while sleeping, but he was much sought-after speaker in the United
States and abroad. Publicly, he claimed he was
semi-retired, but he nurtured the idea of writing a novel based on the Bible, or
a sex book from the point of view of a woman. (Just One Catch: A Biography of Joseph Heller by
Tracy Daugherty, 2011, p. 451) Heller had two children by his first marriage, Erica and Ted.
Erica's own book about her father, Yossarian Slept Here,
came out in 2011. The family lived first in a small apartment at the Apthorp on
the Upper West Side (apartment 2K South), where Heller finished Catch-22, and then they moved to a much larger apartment on the tenth floor
(10C). Heller's wife knew about his affairs with other women. Once she
discovered a letter in his pocket, written by a famous French
novelist, and put it back silently. "It was
certainly not the only letter of its type that she found over the
years, she later told me. It was just by far the best written." (Yossarian Slept Here by Erica Heller, 2011, p. 161) In
1989 Heller married Valerie Humphries, a nurse he met while ill. Heller
died of a heart attack at his home on Long Island on December 13, 1999.
His last novel, Portrait of an Artist, as an
Old Man
(2000), was about a successful novelist who seeks an inspiration. "A lifetime of experience had trained him never to toss away
a page he had written, no matter how clumsy, until he had gone over it
again for improvement, or had at least stored it in a folder for
safekeeping or recorded the words on his computer." (Ibid., p. 11) For further reading: Funny, You Don't Look Funny: Judaism and Humor from the Silent Generation to Millennials by Jennifer Caplan (2023); One Week in America: The 1968 Notre Dame Literary Festival and a Changing Nation by Patrick Parr (2021); Catch-22, edited by Laura Nicosia & James F. Nicosia (2021); History and Fiction in American Postmodernist Novels: Kurt Vonnegut, Joseph Heller and Thomas Pynchon by Olivia Chirobocea-Tudor (2019); 'Joseph Heller,' in Interviews from the Edge: 50 Years of Conversations about Writing and Resistance, edited by Mark Yakich and John Biguenet (2019); The True Story of Catch-22: The Real Men and Missions of Joseph Heller's 340th Bomb Group in World War II by Patricia Chapman Meder (2012); Just One Catch: A Biography of Joseph Heller by Tracy Daugherty (2011); Yossarian Slept Here by Erica Heller (2011); Joseph Heller: A Descriptive Bibliography by Matthew Joseph Bruccoli, Park Bucker (2002); A Study of Joseph Heller's Catch-22: Going Around Twice by Jon Woodson (2001); Tilting at Morality by David M. Craig (1997); From Here to Absurdity by Stephen W. Potts (1995); Conversations with Joseph Heller, edited by Adam J. Sorkin (1993); Understanding Joseph Heller by Sanford Pinsker (1991); Joseph Heller by Judit Ruderman (1991); The Fiction of Joseph Heller by David Sed (1989); Joseph Heller by Robert Merrill (1987); Joseph Heller's Catch-22 by Rose Kam, Joseph L. Heller (1985, paperback); Crititical Essays on Joseph Heller, ed. James Nagel (1984) - See also other WW II pilots and writers: James Dickey, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry - M*A*S*H - USA television series (1872-83, 250 x 30 m/1 x 150 m), starring Alan Alda, Wayne Rogers, Loretta Swift, Jamie Farr, McLean Stevenson, Larry Linville, Mike Farrell, Gary Burghoff, David Ogden Stiers, Harry Morgan, George Morgan, William Christopher. Developed from Robert Altman's hit movie about the misadventures of Mobile Army Surgical Hospital during the Korean War. The scriptwriter Larry Gelbart left in 1976, and Alan Alda took over as one of principal writers and directors of the show. The two-and-a-half-hour special 'Good-bye, Farewell and Amen' ended the series in 1983. A sequel, After Mash, presented several of the unit adjusting to civilian life. Richard Hornberger, under the pseudonym Richard Hooker, wrote the original M*A*S*H novel. He did not watch the TV version because of its liberal sensibilities. Selected works:
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