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Geoffrey Household (1900-1988) |
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British author of thrillers, who published some thirty-seven books including children's fiction. Household's flight-and-chase novels, which show the influence of John Buchan, were often narrated in the first person by a gentleman-adventurer. Among his best-know works is Rogue Male (1939), a suggestive story of a hunter who becomes the hunted. It appeared just before the outbreak of World War II, and started with a scene in which an English sportsman looks at his target, an unnamed European dictator, through the rifle sight. The book was filmed by Fritz Lang in 1941 as Man Hunt. My reason for publishing is twofold. First, I have committed two murders, and the facts must be placed on record is case the police ever got hold of the wrong man. Second, if I am caught, there can never again be any possible question of the complicity of H.M. Government. Every statement of mine can, at need, be checked, amplified, and documented. The three parts of the journal (two written accidentally and the last deliberately) form an absolute answer to any accusations from any quarter that I have involved my own nation. Geoffrey Household was born in Bristol, the son of Beatrice (Norton) Household and Horace W. Household, a lawyer, who became secretary of education for Gloucester. Household was educated at Clifton College, Bristol (1914-1919) and Magdalen College, Oxford, receiving his B.A. in English in 1922. Between the years 1922 and 1935, Household was engaged in commerce abroad, though he had dreamed of being a poet. In his autobiography Household described himself at that age as "impulsive, extremely sensitive to feminine beauty and overfastidious." (Against the Wind, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1958, p. 18) While in Bucharest he worked for four years as an assistant confidential secretary for Bank of Romania. In 1926 Household went to Spain, where he had a job as a marketing manager for Elders and Fyffes, banana vendors for the United Fruit Company. During this period he learned to speak and write Spanish. After
moving to the United States in 1929, Household wrote for
children's encyclopedias and composed children's radio plays for
Columbia Broadcasting System. From 1933 to 1939 he was a traveling
salesman for John Kidd, a manufacturer of printing ink, in Europe, the
Middle East, and South America. During World War II Household served in
the Intelligence Corps, and was later decorated for his service. He led
a unit in Greece, and in Romania, he was
to assist in blowing up the Ploesti oil fields if threatened by the
German
army – Household had received demolition training from the Royal
Engineers.
After the collapse of the operation, Household went to Cairo. Much of the war he spent in the Middle East, learning that in the world of counterintelligence, nothing is assumed to be as it seems. Moreover, his experiences provided him extremely valuable material for his future novels, which often take the reader to different parts of the world. In 1945, Household exchanged his uniform for a government suit and hat. Before the war he had published three books and a children's story. Household decided to earn his living by writing. Arabesque (1948), a thriller and love story set in the Near East, sold well in the United States but was ignored in England. Several of Household's of heroes have a bicultural background – as the Ecuadorian-English Claudio Howard-Wolferstan of Fellow Passenger (1955), the Argentinian-born English botanist of Dance of the Dwarfs (1968), and Adrian Gurney of Red Anger (1975), who is half Rumanian. Household started to write sporadically already in the 1920s. His first story, 'The Salvation of Pisco Gabar' was published in The Atlantic Monthly in 1936. As a novelist he debuted with The Terror of Villadonga, which came out in the same year. This adventure story for children described the discovery of a prehistoric sea-beast. The Prisoner of the Indies (1967), another children's book, told about the adventures of a young sailor on one of Sir John Hawkin's ships. Rogue Male appeared first in serialized form in the Atlantic Monthly, between July and September 1939, on the eve of WWII. The novel, which marked Household's breakthrough as a thriller writer, was then issued in a special edition for distribution to the British Armed forces. Edgar Wallace had dealt with the theme of political assassination in Four Just Men (1905). Household's fast-paced story foreshadowed such international bestsellers as Richard Condon's thriller The Manchurian Candidate (1959), Frederick Forsyth's The Day of the Jackal (1971), in which a ruthless hit man plans to assassinate President Charles de Gaulle of France, and Ken Follett's novel Eye of the Needle (1978), a story about the tracing of a German agent in the wartime England. The anonymous protagonist is a big game hunter, who is caught stalking the sinister dictator of nameless state and perhaps trying to alter the course of world history. Household do not not specifically mention German, Hitler and the Nazis, but he doesn't on the other hand leave much other alternatives. "Like most Englishmen, I am not accustomed to inquire very deeply into motives. I dislike and disbelieve in cold-blooded planning, whether it be suggested of me or of anyone else. I remember asking myself when I packed the telescopic sight what the devil I wanted it for; but I just felt that it might come in handy." (Ibid., p. 8) The narrator-hero is tortured and thrown from a cliff, apparently to his death, but he survives miraculously and escapes to England. However, his pursues do not give up the chase. After showdown on the moors of Dorset the hero writes in his confessional diary, that one must hunt animals in their natural surroundings - and the natural surroundings of human beings is the city. "My plans are far advanced. I shall not get away alive but I shall not miss and that is really all that matters to me any longer." (Ibid., p. 182) Rogue Male deals with a basic moral problem: if the death of one person could save a number of lives, does it justify the killing of the person in question? Fritz Lang's movie version of the book, entitled Man Hunt, was released in 1941, some months before America's entry into the war in Europe. Although Hollywood's Production Code Administration ordered the removal of some of its brutal scenes, Lang did not water down its antifascist message. At the end the hero (Walter Pidgeon) joins the RAF and makes an unauthorized parachute jump to Germany to finish his mission. Household himself had a keen interest in shooting. The hide
and seek formula was used in several of his works, among them Dance
of the Dwarfs, set in the South American jungle, which also
provided the milieu for the search of Utopia in The Third Hour
(1937). Twelve of his novels dealt with international intrigue and
espionage. In Rogue Justice (1982) Household returned to the
paranoid, doomsday atmosphere of Rogue Male. The protagonist in Watcher
in the Shadows
(1960), Charles Dennim, abandons his civilized life and retreats to
rural England to trap a relentless ex-Resistance fighter, who wants to
revenge the death of his wife at the hand of Hitler's minions. The
roles of hunter and hunter are repeatedly exchanged. In The Dance of the Dwarfs men are
hunted by feral prehistoric survivals. Besides writing thrillers and children's books Household also
published several collections of short stories, which he himself considered his
best work, science fiction, supernatural fiction, and fantasy stories. The Cats to Come (1975) told about a future world run by
felines, The Sending (1980) involved witchcraft and murky mysticism. Hostage London: The Diary of Julian Despard (1977) was
a near-future thriller and Summon the Bright Water
(1981) was
set in a post-Holocaust UK, where the narrator, an economic historian
named Piers Cole, tries to unravel in a commune of farmers the mystery
of a gold cauldron. "The British writer Geoffrey Household has had some
best sellers to his credit through the years, but SUMMON THE BRIGHT
WATER (Little, Brown, $11.95) is not going to be one of them. It is a
turgid farrago that involves an economic historian, gold, alchemy,
Druidical rites and a chalice that might be the Holy Grail." (The New York Times, January 10, 1982) What Household's heroes and heroines have in common is their characteristics, which could be called "typically British." In one short pieces, 'Tell These Men to Go Away,' set in Hungary, an old English lady, Miss Titterton, keeps her principles of truth, courage and good manners in the middle of the war. With all the stiff dignity of a governess, who has taught two generations of spoilt children, she defies the German Army and refuses to give her furniture to SS. Finally she is thrown into jail, receiving no special privileges beyond permission to decorate her cell with curtains and chintz covers and to invite selected prisoners to coffee. "Miss Titterton felt that it was very forgiving of the Family to rescue her and fly her back to London immediately after the war. When they explained to her that prison had been the only way of preserving her from a quite certain concentration camp and the very possible attentions of the Gestapo, she tried hard to believe them. But in her experience, she said, justice was always done. She was afraid it stood reason that she had deserved her sentence—perhaps for not taking enough care with the unruly member, my dear. It was very kind of them all to accept her disgrace so light-heartedly." (from 'Tell These Men to Go Away,' in The Europe That Was, Hachette, 2014; first published in 1979) Household
was married twice, first to Elisaveta Kopelanoff, a
Romaian-born American, who encouraged his early writing attempts. His
second wife was the former Ilona Zsoldos-Gutmàn; they had one son
and two daughters. Household met her during the period, when he was
posted in Jerusalem as a
field security officer. In Against the Wind Household noted that
everybody rated the Arabs as better soldiers than the Jews. He recalled
the time the most consistently and consciously happy year in his life,
but he hated Baghdad, his next stop in 1943: he did not have the
comforts and conveniences he had taken for granted in Jerusalem,
although the hotels in the cosmopolitan city were dull, exept the
luxury hotel King David, which was too expensive. "For my evening relaxation I was reduced to a couple of shots of palm toddy in the privacy, when there was any, of my literally stinking bedroom. There were two beds in it, and the other was reserved for visiting officers. I never knew to what pillowed head I should be compelled to be polite, nor whether it would prefer to snore, to converse or to vomit." (Ibid., p. 181) An exeption among the visitors was Alec Waugh, "always on enviably good terms with his surroundings." (Ibid., p. 181) After the war Household spent his time writing
and as a country gentleman, first in Dorset, where the hero of Rogue Male had hidden from his pursuers, and later near Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, where much of the action of Watcher
in the Shadowstook
place. An individualist with a natural dislike for bureaucracy,
Household felt a foreigner in the British welfare state ‒ "I loathe the
state control which is inseparable from socialism," he said. "Yet if I
were a citizen of an undeveloped peasant country, where the individual
has hitherto had no chance of development, I should certainly support a
strong, centralized, Socialist Government. I China, for example, I
might be a Communist. But in France I should be a Monarchist; in Spain,
a Liberal. For my own country, where the tendency of the State to sweep
up all untidy ends of liberty must be continually checked, I am
probably an anarchist." (Against the Wind, pp. 212-213) When the critic and reviewer Paul Kincaid went to interview Household in Oxfordshire, he was given tea and biscuits, but the author himself answered simply "yes" or "no" to his questions, not revealing details of his personal life. Household died on October 4, 1988, in Banbury, Oxfordshire. His last novel, Face to the Sun, appeared in the year of his death. For further reading: Encyclopedia of British Writers, 1800 to the Present, edited by Karen Karbiener et al. (2009); 'Introduction' by Victoria Nelson, in Rogue Male by Geoffrey Household (2007); 'Household, Geoffrey (Edward West),' in World Authors 1900-1950: Volume 2, edited by Martin Seymour-Smith and Andrew C. Kimmens (1996); 'Household, Geoffrey (Edward West)' by Ian Ousby, in St. James Guide to Crime & Mystery Writers, edited by Jay P. Pederson (1996); The Special Branch: The British Spy Novel, 1890-1980 by LeRoy Panek (1981); 'The Lives and Times of Geoffey Household' by Michael Barber, in Books and Bookmen (Jan. 1974) Selected works:
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