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József Attila (1905-1937) |
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One of the greatest Hungarian poets of the 20th century, who spent his entire life in extreme poverty and suffered from depression. Although Attila József's poems are melancholic, they also express the author's faith in life's beauty and harmony. József committed suicide at the age of 32. In the 1930s József was an unyielding critic of the government and the "Right Radicalism." His independent thinking and interest in Freud also contributed to his break with the Communist Party. Be free to eat, drink, make love and sleep! Attila József was born in Budapest in one of the working-class districts of the city. His father, Áron József, an itinerant Romanian worker, left the family when József was three, originally planning to move to the United States, but ending finally in Romania. As a heritage his father left his son the name of the world-conquering King of the Huns, Attila. József and his two sisters were supported by their mother, Borbála Pöcze, a washerwoman. In 1910-12 József spent two depressing years with his foster parents in Öcsöd, where he worked as a swineherd. At the age of nine he attempted suicide. His mother died at Christmas in 1919 of terminal cancer and overwork, while József was visiting grandparents in the country. József's brother-in-law, Dr. Ödön Makai, was appointed his legal guardian. Between the years 1920 and 1923 József studied at a secondary school in Makó, without graduating. As a poet József made his debut with A szépség koldusa (1922, Beggar and Beauty); at that time he was then 17-years old and still attending the school. Foreword for the collection was written by the famous poet Gyula Juhász (1883-1937). József studied privately for a year, and then entered the University of Szeged in 1924 to study Hungarian and French literature. With the help of a mesenat, Lajos Hatvany, he acquired a good education in Austria (1925) and Paris (1926-27), where he studied France and discovered the work of François Villon, the famous poet and thief from the 15th-century. In 1925 Jószef published his second collection of poems, Nem én kiáltok (That's Not Me Shouting). He was expelled from the university because of a revolutionary poem, 'Tiszta szível' (With a Pure Heart) – it was attacked by he influential professor Antal Horger, who ended József's hopes to become a teacher. József wrote: "I have no father, no mother, no God, no country, no cradle, no shroud, no kisses, no love. For three days I have not eaten, neither much nor little. My twenty years are a power, my twenty years are for sale. If nobody wants them, the devil will buy them. I will break in with a pure heart: if need be, I will kill someone. I shall be seized and hanged and buried in hallowed ground, and grass that brings death will grow over my wondrously fair heart" With his manuscripts he traveled to Vienna, where arrived only 30 schillings in his pocket. To support himself, József sold newspapers and cleaned dormitories. He then continued to Paris, where he studied at Sorbonne. During this period he read Hegel and Karl Marx, whose call for revolution appealed to him. József's works were praised by such internationally known Hungarian researches and critics as Béla Balázs and György Lukács.
In 1927 several French magazines published József's poems. His affair
with a middle-class girl culminated in a nervous breakdown. In 1927-28
he attended the University of Budapest, but he never finished his
studies. He had a love affair with Márta Vágó, whose parents sent her
to England to study at the London School of Economics. From the
early 1930s his companion was Judit Szánto. The psychologist Flóra
Kozmutza, who had an affair with József, made a Rorschach test with him
at their first meeting. After attacking the
poet, novelist, and critic Mihály Babits in a review, the Baumgarten
Foundation withdrew its support to József, which was no wonder because
Babits was the curator of the organization. József's third collection
of poems, Nincsen apám, se anyám (1929, Fatherless and
Motherless), showed the influence of French surrealism and Endre Ady,
Gyula Juhász, and Lajos Kassák. Next year József joined the illegal
Hungarian Communist Party. Döntsd a tokét, ne siránkozz! (1931,
Strike at Capital, Instead of Wailing) was confiscated by the public
prosecutor and in 1931 József's essay 'Irodalom és szocializmus'
(Literature and socialism) led to
indictment. He was charged of political agitation and obscenity, but
his major point was that a composition must have social content in
order to be art. The artistic "content cannot be socially untrue. But
this must not be confused with the absurd demand that artists should be
honest." ('Variations on the Theme of Revolution in the Works of István Örkény' by Peter P. Müller, in The Hungarian Quarterly, Volume 53, Autumn 2013, p. 37) Külvárosi éj (1932, Night in the Slums) is József's mature collection. His most famous love poem 'Oda' from 1933 took the reader for a journey around and inside the body of the beloved woman: "Your capillaries, like a bloodred rose, / ceaselessly stir and dance. / There that eternal current seethes and flows / and flowers as love upon your countenance, / to bless with fruit your womb's dark excellence" (translated by Zsuzsanna Ozsváth and Frederick Turner). József's last two books were Medvetánc (1934, Bear Dance) and Nagyon fáj (1936, It Hurts a Lot). With these works he gained a wide critical attention. Ideologically he had started to advocated humane socialism, and alliance with all democratic forces. József's political essays were later included in volume 3. of his collected works (1958). József had entered psychoanalysis in 1931. It inspired him to search synthesis between Sigmund Freud's theories and Marxism, but otherwise the psychoanalytic treatment did him no good. "See, here inside is the suffering, / out there, sure enough, is the explanation," he wrote later in 1934, viewing his own mental problems from a distance. Altough József accepted the Marxist principle, that material conditions determine the inner-life of man, he also accepted the Freudian principle that hidden forces push people to act in ways that determine existence 'directly', without modifying material conditions (Marxism and Psychoanalysis: In or against Psychology? by David Pavon-Cuellar, 2016, pp. 132-135). Some of the leaders of the Communist party became alarmed when József advocated an united front with the social democrats – this was not accepted by Moscow-controlled comrades. In 1933 he was expelled from the party by Stalinists, who accused him of fascist views. When the Soviet Writers Congress was arranged in Moscow, József was
not invited, which embittered him much. In 1935 he was again
hospitalized for severe depression. During his decline he wrote: "My
eyes are jumping from my head. If I go crazy, please don't hurt me.
Just hold me down with your strong hands." Probably encouraged by his
psychiatrist Edit Gyömrői, József wrote the confessional, defamatory
text Szabad-ötletek jegyzéke két ülésben
(A Collection of Free Associations In Two Sessions). It was partly
based on his psychoanalytic treatment and not published in Hungary
until 1990 by Atlantisz as officially authorised full-text version. "And now this unfortunate fool is deeply in love with his
analyst only because he feels that she won’t hurt him. He doesn’t
notice the evil of the analyst, that she only treats him as a human
being three hours per week, and even then only because she must do so
for those 40 Pengős that she is in bad need of." ('A Collection of Free Associations In Two Sessions,' translated by Tamás Baranyi, 2017) The can tap all my telephone calls In 1936 József was given a job as a co-editor with Pál Ignotus, of the independent left-wing review Szép Szó. In January 1937 József met the author Thomas Mann, but he was not allowed to read publicly his poem 'Thomas Mann üdvözlése,' in which he said "You know this well: the poet never lies. / The real is not enough; through its disguise / Tell us the truth which fills the mind with light / Because, without each other, all is night." In the summer he was again in a hospital. However, during this period he produced some of his best poems. József committed suicide in Balatonszárszó on December 3, 1937, by throwing himself under a freight train 1284. A lunatic from the village, a sales representative, and a conductor witnessed the accident. "Kedvesem erösderekú, karcsú asszony, The central themes in Jószef's poems are poverty, loneliness, suffering, but on the other hand also love and hope for the more human world mark his work. In a confessional poem, entitled 'Attila József' he wrote: "I really love you, / believe me. Its something I inherited / from my mother." József's writing is exact and evocative in imagery. After WW II József was presented with his proletarian themes as a model for young poets. His influence is still far-reaching. For further reading: József Attila by A. Németh (1944); The Invisible Writing by A. Koestler (1954); József Attila 1905–1937 by Judit Szántó and Endréné Kovács (1958); Költőnk és kora. József Attila költészete és esztétikája by Ervin Gyertán (1963); Fiatal életek indulója. József Attila pályakezdése by Miklós Szabolcsi (1963); József Attila by László Balogh (1970); József Attila by Márta Vágó (1975); József Attila-kommentárok by Gábor Török (1976); Érik a fény by Miklós Szabolcsi (1977); 'József, Attila' by G.G. [George Gömöri], in Columbia Dictionary of Modern European Literature, ed. by Jean-Albert Bédé (1980); A History of Hungarian Literature by István Nemeskürty et al. (1983); The Oxford History of Hungarian Literature by Lóránt Czigány (1984); Attila József: "Can You Take on This Awesome Life?" by Thomas Kabdebo (1997); 'Attila József: Curriculum vitae,' in Winter Night; Selected Poems, translated by John Bátki et al.(1997); József Attila poétikái by Antal Bókay (2004); A Tribute to Attila József: On the 70th Anniversary of His Death, edited by Thomas Kabdebo (2007); József Attila és az istenek by Sz. Nagy Csaba (2009); 'An Improper Text of a Poet Laureate: Cult and Literary Politics in the Success of Attila József’s "Free Associations"' by Judit Zsák. in Cult, Community, Identity, edited by Veera Rautavuoma, Urpo Kovala, Eeva Haverinen (2009); 'Memoir as Motherly Word: Processing Trauma in Biographies of Attila József by Judit Szántó, Flóra Kozmutza and Márta Vágó' by Anna Menyhért, in Life Writing, Volume 16, Issue 3 (2019) - Suom: Runosuomennoksia teoksissa Vapauden tulet (1952), Unkarin lyyra (1970), Taivas irtosi maasta (1986) ja Viluinen kuningas (1992). Läpinäkyvä leijona (1999), toim. Hannu Launonen, esittelee runoilijan tuotantoa ja sisältää myös elämäkerrallista tietoa. Selected works:
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