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Stanley Kubrick (1928-1999) |
American self-educated director, one of the most critically acclaimed auteurs of the modern cinema, who made films both in Britain and America. As with John Huston, Stanley Kubrick's films had a strong literary basis – nearly all of his projects began as adaptations of novels. In addition to his cinematic legacy, Kubrick left behind hundreds of archive boxes containing material relating to his films. "Just because you're a perfectionist doesn't mean you're perfect." (Jack Nicholson on Kubrick's working method.) Stanley Kubrick was born in New York City into a middle-class Bronx
family. His parents were the children of Jewish immigrants. Jacques L. Kubrick, his father, was a doctor, who taught his son to play chess. Kubrick's mother,
Gertrude, encouraged
him to believe in himself, and to read books –
instead, little Stanley devoured comics. It was not until after Kubrick
graduated from high school, he started to read books for pleasure. At school he was a poor
student. His reading and writing skills and IQ were tested above average but
it was also noted that he lacked social skills. Kubrick was
educated at Taft High School. His plans for college studies were
ended by low grades. "I was such a misfit," Kubrich said later.
Watching movies was his passion. Among his favorites from those years
were Welles's Citizen Kane, William Wellman's Roxie Hart, Olivier's Henry V, and Edward Cline's The Bank Dick, with W.C. Fields. And he liked jazz, too. (Stanley Kubrick: American Filmmaker by David Mikics, 2020, p. 5) His first camera, a Graflex, Kubrick got from his father, who actually wanted his son to become a doctor, not a photographer. At the age of sixteen, Kubrick sold his first photo for Look magazine, a competitor to Life. After graduating he joined Look as a staff photographer. In an interview by Mildred Stagg, Kubrick was presented as an experienced and successfull young photographer, a master of his instrument. "When shooting indoors, Kubrick prefers to use the buildings own lighting system, unless the illumination is too weak to permit photographing the natural movement of subjcts." ('Camera Quiz Kid: The story of Stanley Kubrick who made the national magazine while still in his teens', The Camera, October 1948) One of Kubrick's most impressive photo essays, 'Prizefighter' (published 18 January 1949), featured the middlewight boxer Walter Cartier: he fights with Tony D'Amico (loses) and Jimmy Mangia (wins). In 1950 Kubrick quit his job at Look, moved to Greenwich Village, and made his first documentary film, Day of the Fight (1951),
about the world of boxing, the daily routines of Walter Cartier and his
twin brother, Vincent, and his match with Bobby James. During this
period Kubrick also played chess for the prize money. His second short,
The Flying Padre (1952), Kubrick sold to RKO-Pathe. As a feature director Kubrick debuted with Fear and Desire (1953), which was made with the financial help of his father, his uncle Martin Perveler, and friends. This existential anti-war allegory, was later suppressed by Kubrick himself, who called it a "bumbling amateur film exercise." (Stanley Kubrick:Visual Poet 1928-1999 by Paul Duncan, 2003, p. 27) The screenplay was written by Kubrick and Howard O. Sackler, his high school friend, who later won a Pulizer Prize for his play The Great White Hope (1967). Killer's Kiss (1955), Kubrick's next movie, starring Frank Silvera,
Jamie Smith, Irene Kane, and Jerry Jarret, was also privately financed.
On Fridays Kubrick stopped
shooting for a couple of hours when he went to collect his unemployment
check.
When he sold the film to United Artists for $75,000, he and barely got
back to money invested in it: Kubrick remained still a struggling
director. In 1954 Kubrick formed a production company with James B. Harris, and made his first big picture, The Killing (1956), starring Sterling Hayden. With his grisly World War I story Paths of Glory (1957), based on Humphrey Cobb's novel, Kubrick established his reputation as the most promising of the postwar generation of Hollywood directors. The script was rewritten by Jim Thompson and Kubrick, but Kirk Douglas demanded, that they return to the original work. Some critics were not happy with the result, however, among them Louise Bruce: "Those who have admired the motion picture work of this erstwhile still photographer will regret that in Paths of Glory camera angles seem to preoccupy him less than political ones, which, in view of the present state of the world, seem, to put it gently, immature and irresponsible. Kirk Douglas, whose own producing company is responsible for this tendentious film, plays Colonel Dax. . . . His acting limitations are not obscured by Mr. Kubrick's direction." (Films in Review, January 1958) In 1958 Kubrick married Christiane Susanne Harlan, an actress and artist, and moved for a few years to Hollywood with his family. After he withdrew from working on One-Eyed Jacks, Marlon Brando's independent production, Kubrick planned to make another war film, titled The German Lieutenant. When the director Anthony Mann resigned from Universal's Spartacus (1960), Kubrick was hired for the job. The casting included Kirk Douglas, who was also in Paths of Glory, and such other stars as Lawrence Olivier, Jean Simmons, Charles Laughton, and Peter Ustinov. The screenplay was written by blacklisted Dalton Trumbo. Spartacus became a big international hit, including the Soviet Union, in which the uprising of the slaves against the masters supported more or less official Marxist views. But also President Kennedy sneaked out of the White House to see the film right after the Hollywood premiere at the Warner Theater. "Stanley could be exasperating, but what a talent. And a tremendous ego. Nothing was wrong with that. Ego, carried to excess, is healthy. I'm intrested only in talent." (Kirk Douglas in his autobiography The Ragman's Son, Pan Books, 1989, p. 275) Anticipating censorship problems with his next project, Kubrick moved to England to direct for M-G-M Lolita (1962) from Vladimir Nabokov's controversial novel. The director described the book as "one of the few modern love stories". James Mason was Humbert Humbert, who marries his plump landlady (Shelley Winters) to be near her 12-year-old daughter Lolita (Sue Lyon). Lolita is for Humbert "light of his life, fire of his loins" – he is obsesed with her. After Winters is run over, nothing stops Humbert from taking Lolita to a trip from one motel to another. However, Lolita runs off with the openly perverse director Quilty (Peter Sellers). Lolita's 'Yi Yi' bubble-gum theme song is considered one of the most sexually provocative pieces of music. Nabokov later called the film a disappointment. In America it was restricted to audiences over the age of 18. Dr. Stangelove (1964) was a black comedy of nuclear catastrophe. At the end of the film Slim Pickens rides a bomb in the sky and Vera Lynn sings 'We'll Meet Again' – a WWII song. And again critics found much to say about the director: "While a few of the critics are now calling Stanley Kubrick a 'boy genius,' I'm wondering if the emphasis shouldn't be more on 'boy' and less on 'genius.'" (Philip T. Hartung, Commonweal, February 21, 1964) At that time the "boy genius" was 36 and had directed several films. Kubrick's next project, 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), was a philosophical science fiction journey to inner and outer space. 2001: A Space Odyssey has been called one of the greatest achievements in the history of film, although
its premiere was a disaster. The film critic Renate Adler said in her review:
"The movie is so completely absorbed in its own problems, its use of
color and space, its fanatical devotion to science-fiction detail, that
it is somewhere between hypnotic and immensely boring." (The New York Times, April 4, 1968) Arthur Schlesinger Jnr. summarized
it as "morally pretentious, intellectually obscure and inordinately
long . . ." (Halliwell's Film Guide by Leslie Halliwell, sixth edition, 1988, p. 1086) The film was inspired by Arthur C. Clarke's short story 'The
Sentinel' (1948), but most of its material was wholly new. In the
opening sequence a dark monolith appears on a prehistoric scene and
mysteriously inspires a family of apes to use bones as tools and
weapons. Richard Strauss's 'Also Sprach Zarathustra' (1896) plays on
the soundtrack; 'Blue Danube' by Johann Strauss II accompanies
the dance sequence in which a spaceships docks with a revoling space station. The story jumps from past to 2001. Now a similar alien artifact is found on the moon. It sends a piercing signal to Jupiter. A spaceship, Discovery, run by a computer, HAL 9000, is sent on a mission to investigate it further. The huge Ferris-wheel-shaped centrifuge of the Discovery was built especially for the film. Scenes of astronauts walking up the walls and upside-down were made by rotating the entire set. HAL
is programmed to experience human emotions. It has a
nervous breakdown and tries to dispose the crew. Dave Bowman dismantles
HAL who confesses: "Dave, I'm afraid. My brain is growing empty. . ."
Eventually Dave reaches the destination. After a journey through inner
space, a series of spiritual and physical changes, he becomes an
embryo, a star child. – Part of the fascination of the film is that it
could have made also a great silent film, relying only on picture and
music by Richard Strauss, Johann Strauss and György Ligeti. Kubrick
preferred to use pre-existing music in his sounstracks. He had a
notorius dislike of working with composers: Kubrick could reject scores
originally commissioned for his film. Jerry Goldsmith said that when he
first saw 2001 he was "cringing at what I consider tom be an abominable
misuse of music", and the choice of music was idiotic". (A History of Film Music by Mervyn Cooke, third printing with corrections, 2010, p. 443) Clarke's idea in 'The Sentinel' was that strangers who have visited our planet in some distant past would guess that one day intelligence could arise on the Earth. "They would be interested in our civilization only if we proved out fitness to survive—by crossing space and so escaping the Earth, our cradle. That is the challenge that all intelligent races must meet, sooner or later." (Greetings, Carbon-Based Bipeds!: Collected Essays, 1934-1998, by Arthur C. Clarke, 1999, p. 260 ) In A Clockwork Orange (1971), based on Anthony Burgess'
ninth novel, the director continued his examination of tomorrow's
world. The film was withdrawn from circulation in Britain at the
director's request. Although it is considered now a classic
modern film, reviews were mixed. Stanley Kauffman wrote in New Republic (January 1, 1972): "Something
has gone seriously wrong with the talented Kubrick. I won't hazard
guesses as to what it is. But the one thing that, two films ago, I'd
never have thought possible to say about a Kubrick film is true of A Clockwork Orange: it's boring." (Some Like It Not: Bad Reviews of Great Movies by Ardis Sillick and Michael McCormick, with an introduction byEd Gorman, 1996, p. 227) Alex (Malcom McDowell) and his droogs (frieds) spent their time at the
Korova Milk Bar, when they are not beating, raping, and terrorizing
other people. Alex kills a woman, and betrayed by his friends, is
caught by the police. In the prison he undergoes the "Ludovico
treatment", aimed to cure his anti-social behavior. Alex is then cast
back into the streets, unable to hurt a fly – violence makes his
nauseous. In the hands of his former friend, now policemen, and his
former victims, Alex suffers from beatings and torture. After trying to
commit suicide Alex says: I was cured all right!" with the original
evil gleam in his eye. As with all Kubrick's film, music again has a central role. Beethoven's 'Ode to Joy' it the leitmotif, but nearly as important is Gene Kelly's 'Singin' in the Rain', heard when Alex attacks a pregnant woman, and over the end titles. "Viewers of the film have been disturbed by the fact that Alex, despite his viciousness, is quite likeable," Burgess has said. "The point is that, if we are going to love mankind, we will have to love Alex and his mirror-image" ('The Violence in A Clockwork Orange Is Not Gratuitous' by Anthony Burgess, in Violence in Anthony Burgess' A Clockwork Orange, edited by Dedria Bryfonski, 2014, p. 48) For the set of the Korova Milk Bar Kubrik invited the British pop artist Allen Jones to create– without charge – similar figures as in his 'Women as Furniture' series. Jones declined. Eventually in the scene the tables and milk distributors (in the shape of naked women), inspired by Jones's statues, were created by the young sculptress Liz Jones, who had crafted the Star Child for 2001. In 1974 Kubrick settled permanently in England, partly because he
desired a greater creative freedom, but he remained a New Yorker all
his life. During this period of 25 years he made two films based on
European novels and two films dealing with American history and
horrors. He also planned a film on the life of Napoleon. Kubrick was
fascinated by Napoleon's personality – that a person so talented could
make such fatal mistakes. Kubrick's backers withdrew from the project
when Waterloo (1971), directed by Sergei Bondarchuk, and starring Rod Steiger, failed at the box office. Kubrick's next film, Barry Lyndon (1975), starring Ryan O'Neal, Marisa Berenson, and Patrick Magee, was a period piece. It was adapted from Thackeray's minor novel, and mocked as Tom Jones with
the projector set to half speed. Quote: "I have taken the ribbon from
around my neck, and hidden it somewhere on my person. If you find it,
you can have it. You are free to look for it anywhere you will, and I
will think very little of you if you do not find it." Although the film
won four Academy Awards, it was a commercial failure. The Shining (1980), a visually stylish horror film, was based on Stephen King's
novel. Jack Torrace (Jack Nicholson) is a writer who is hired as a
caretaker at the Overlook Hotel during the winter season. The stunning
opening shots of the Colorado Rockies are underscored by the medieval
chant 'Dies Irae' (Day of Wrath), which also has featured in numerous
other horror films. Jack goes mad in the empty
hotel – if he is not already – and tries to kill his son,
Danny (Danny Lloyd), and wife, Wendy (Shelley Duvall). Except for
British interwar dancehall songs heard in a hallucinatory episode,
Kubrick chose avant-garde music for the score of the film. Several excerpts
are from Krzysztof Penderecki's works, three from Béla Bartók's 1936
'Music for Strings, Percussion and Celestra,' three from György
Ligeti's 1967 'Lontano.' King himself was
unsatisfied with Kubrick's treatment of his story, and turned his novel
into a television miniseries in 1997. "The real problem is that Kubrick
set out to make a horror picture with no apparent understanding of the
genre," King said to American Film magazine
in 1986. "Everything about it screams that from the beginning to the
end, from plot decision to that final scene—which has been used before
on The Twilight Zone." (Stanley Kubrick. A Biography by Vincent LoBrutto, 1999, p. 453) With Full Metal Jacket (1987) Kubrick challenged Coppola's Apocalypse Now (1979) and Oliver Stone's Platoon (1986) as the best film dealing with the Vietnam war. The screenplay by was based on Gustav Hasford's, a Vietnam veteran, semi-autobiographical novel The Short-Timers (1979). Kubrick died at home in his sleep from a massive heart attack on March 8, 1999, in St. Albans, North-London. His last film was Eyes Wide Shut, a story of sexual restlessness, starring Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman. The title music was the 'Second Waltz' from Dmitry Shostakovich's Jazz Suite No. 2. Kubrick himself thought that Eyes Wide Shut was his best film ever. It centers on a tale of sexual obsessions, following the central characters, William Harford and his wife Alice, through sexual encounters with sailors, prostitutes, and strangers in their imagination or on the screen. Some of the sex scenes have been re-edited for U.S. audiences. Hindu organizations considered the film offensive, because it features a verse from The Bhagavadgita, one of the most important Hindu scriptures, during an orgy scene. Eyes Wide Shut was based on Arthur Schnitzler's (1862-1931) book
Traumnovelle (1926, Dream Story), which was earlier filmed by Wolfgang Glück (1969). Schnitzler
was an Austrian playwright and novelist, known for his stylistic experiments and psychological observation. Before
turning to writing, he had studied medicine and done research in psychiatry. Schnitzler's amoral attitude toward erotic
situations form the atmospheric background in many of his works. His best-known works include La Ronde, a
play consisting of ten scenes, each ending before the ten different couples have sexual intercourse. The play was filmed
in 1950 by Max Ophuls and in 1964 by Roger Vadim. Kubrick allegedly read Traumnovelle for the first time in 1968. For further reading: Kubrick: An Odyssey by Robert P. Kolker and Nathan Abrams (2024); The Genius of Barry Lyndon: Factual and Theoretical Approaches to Kubrick's Masterpiece by Patrick Webster (2024); The Prison of Time: Stanley Kubrick, Adrian Lyne, Michael Bay and Quentin Tarantino by Elisa Pezzotta (2022); Kubrick's Men by Richard Rambuss (2021); Keep 'em in the East: Kazan, Kubrick, and the Postwar New York Film Renaissance by Richard Koszarski (2021); Discovering Kubrick's Symbolism: The Secrets of the Films by Nicole M. Berg (2020); Stanley Kubrick: American Filmmaker by David Mikics (2020); Listening to Stanley Kubrick: The Music in His Films by Christine Lee Gengaro (2012); Kubrick's Hope: Discovering Optimism from 2001 to Eyes Wide Shut by Julian Rice (2008); Stanley Kubrick: A Life in Pictures by Christiane Kubrick (2002); Moonwatcher's Memoir by Dan Richter (2002); Eyes Wide Open. A Memoir of Stanley Kubrick and Eyes Wide Shut by Frederic Raphael (1999); Stanley Kubrick. A Biography by John Baxter (1997); Stanley Kubrick. A Biography by Vincent LoBrutto (1997); The Cinema of Stanley Kubrick by Norman Kagan (1995); Stanley Kubrick. A Narrative and Stylistic Analysis by Mario Falsetto (1994); Kubrick: Inside a Film Artist's Maze by Thomas Allen Nelson (1982); Stanley Kubrick Directs by Alexander Walker (1971); The Making of Kubrick's 2001, ed. by Jerome Agel (1970); Film Director as Superstar by Joseph Gelmis (1970) Films:
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