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Phyllis A(yame) Whitney (1903-2008) |
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Prolific writer of romantic suspense, an American counterpart of Mary Stewart and Victoria Holt. Phyllis Whitney's career spanned over five decades. She alternated between writing for children and young adults and writing for adults. For the first 15 years of her life, she lived in Japan, China, and the Philippines, and then in the United States. In most of her novels, Whitney presented the reader with a new location. Besides publishing short stories and numerous articles on writing, she wrote three textbooks on this subject. In 1988 she was awarded the title Grandmaster by the Myster Writers of America. "The embrace was long and fervent. It was Elise who broke suddenly away, pushing her hands against his chest, running a few steps away from him. He laughed softly and came after her at once, but this time she held him off, shaking her head, joining his laughter with her own, playing her tantalizing game." (from Lost Island, 1970) Phyllis A. Whitney was born in Yokohama, Japan, of American parents. In her name, the "A" stands for "Ayame," which is the Japanese word for "iris". Her earliest years Whitney spent in Japan, China, and the Philippines, where the family ran a hotel. After her father, Charles Joseph Whitney died in China she returned at the age of 15 to the United States with her mother, Mary Lillian (Mandeville) Whitney. They first lived in Berkely and then moved to San Antonio. Like the poet and playwright Edna St. Vincent Millay (1892-1959), and a number of future writers, Whitney was a devoted reader St. Nicolas, a magazine for children, when she was growing up. Its editors invited young readers to contribute articles. Whitney won the silver badge for her essay 'A Red-Letter Day'. Afterher mother had died of cancer, Whitney lived with an aunt. She attended schools in Texas and California, graduating in 1924 from McKinley High School in Chicago. In 1925 Whitney married George A. Garner, an accountant; they had one daughter (Georgia). The marriage ended in divorce in 1945. It took two years before her next book for young readers, Willow Hill (1947), appeared. Initially, Whitney dreamed of a career as a professional dancer. Before becoming a writer, she worked in bookstores and at
the Chicago Public Library. On her spare time, she kept on writing. For a period, she attended a small writing
club. Whitney's first piece of short fiction appeared in 1928 in the Chicago Daily News. Many of her following stories appeared in the pulp magazines. Eventually she sold more
than 100 stories to various publications. "I'd had a
hard time living through all the rejection slips until I could be
published in the lowliest markets," she once recalled. As a young-adult novelist she debuted with
A Place for Ann (1941), published by Houghton Mifflin. It
brought her some success, but also confidence in her abilities as a
professional writer. Willow Hill, far ahead of its time,
tackled racial issues. "Willow Hil is any little American town with
comfortable homes, an active women's club, a cherished basketball team,
and easy talk about democracy. Into this quiet comes the race problem
when the Government builds houses for Negro workers." (Margaret C. Scoggin, The New York Times, April 6, 1947) The
novel, published by Reynal, New York, enlarged Whitney's range of
subjects and become one of her most popular children's books. Mystery of the Gulls
(1949) was set on Mackinac Island, where the heroine encounters
mysteries, adventures, and local folkways. Like in other works written
for young adults, the underlying theme was concerned with understanding
between people. Whitney's first book of adult fiction was Red is for Murder (1943), published by the Ziff-Davis Publishing Company. The work, which was prompted by Whitney's fascination with the art of window dressing, sold only 3,000 copies. In the story the protagonist is an amateur sleuth, a young girl who works in a Chicago department store, where she is stalked by a killer. Later the book was reissued as The Red Carnelian in paperback editions. It was not until the mid-1950s when Whitney began writing regularly for adults. In 1942 Whitney took a job as children's book editor for the Chicago
Sun, although in the beginning she thought that she knew nothing
about book reviewing. After four years, she transferred to Philadelphia
Enquirer (1947-48). She taught fiction writing for children at
Northwestern University in Illinois (1945), and at New York University
from 1947 to 1958. In 1950 she married Lovell F. Jahnke, a Mobil Oil executive. They lived for decades on Staten
Island, NY, the scene of the romantic historical novel The Quicksilver Pool (1955). Whitney's husband died in 1973, and she moved from New Jersey to Long Island, NY. As a result of her travels in different parts of the world and childhood memories in Japan and other Asian counties, exotic settings became an important element in her works. "My own springboard, from which I take off in the beginning, is usually a new setting," she once said. "I have a strong feeling toward places." (from 'Springboard to Fiction' in The Writer, October 1976) Whitney's enthusiasm for colorful historical background inspired such works as The Trembling Hills (1956), a love story set at the time of the San Francisco earthquake, and Skye Cameron (1957), set in the nineteenth-century New Orleans. Whitney was one of the major writers, who contributed to the
neo-gothic boom of the post-war decades. Thunder Heights (1960), about the
nineteenth-century Hudson River Valley, continued the radition of
Daphne du Maurier's Rebecca
(1938), but with the American landscape as backgound. The novel was published by Gerald
Gross at Ace Books as the first title of the "gothic" series. At that
time women's mysteries were not selling well. "Women didn't want to
read Mickey Spillane. . . . I believed they wanted to read emotional
stories about a woman in peril," argued Whitney's literary agent
Patricia Myrer. (Reading the Romance: Women, Patriarchy, and Popular Literature by Janice A. Radway, 1991, p. 31) The boom in gothic sales was launched when Victoria Holt's Mistress of Mellyn (1960) turned into a bestseller. Like du Maurier, a defining author of the genre, Whitney wove supernatural elements into the ordinary lives of her heroines. For several decades, Whitney, Holt, and Mary Stewart were the indisputable queens of the Gothic romance. A typical Whitney or Holt paperback issued by Fawcett began with a first printing of 800,000 copies. (Reading the Romance: Women, Patriarchy, and Popular Literature by Janice A. Radway, 1991, p. 33) Gothic romance/gothic mysteries: The stories have a woman as the main character, plots are often melodramatic and contain elements of adventure, mystery, love and the supernatural. The popular genre dates from the earlier tradition of the gothic novel, beginning from Hugh Walpole's The Castle of Otranto (1764). In nineteenth century particularly the Brontë sisters developed the genre further in such works as Jane Eyre and Wuthering Height (both 1847). Among the modern classics of the gothic style is Daphne du Maurier's Rebecca , which has retained its popularity since its appearance in 1938. Other writers of gothic romances: Dorothy Eden, Virginia Coffman, Barbara Michaels (writing as Barbara Michaels and Elizabeth Peters), Mary Higgins Clark, Daoma Winston. Many of Whitney's novels for young people, especially those published by Houghton Mifflin and Westminster Press between 1941 and 1954, were written more for girls. They have often titles beginning with the word "mystery" or "secret" or include a female name, with some exceptions, such as Step to the Music (1953), The Fire and the Gold (1956), both published by Crowell. The adventures are set in different countries around the world - in Turkey (Black Amber), Norway, Japan (The Moonflower), Greece, South Africa (Blue Fire), and many places in the United States. Many times the stories deal with the relationship between mothers and daughters, identity problems, and women trying to come to terms with their own past. Whitney's protagonists are generally independent but vulnerable. "Probably the best way to start any story, long or short," Whitney had advised aspiring writers, "is to show a character with a problem doing something interesting." During the story the heroine finds her true self, family secrets are revealed, and the heroine's life is changed permanently. "Our world once more has walls of "reality" around it – yet I catch glimpses at times of something that has touched and changed me, and I know I will never again say "I don't believe." (from The Singing Stones, 1990). She never built a series featuring a character that readers could enjoy book after book, but in general her characters were well drawn, sensitive, and interesting. For some reason, her novels have not attracted the attention Hollywood film makers or television producers. Illness and other challenges created a lengthy gap from the
late 1970s in Whitney's publishing record of her novels for young
adults. In 1992 she was back with Star
Flight, about a woman investigating the causes of her
grandmother's suicide and her own husband's death. The story was set at
Chimney Rock and Lake Lure which the author visited with her daughter
and her husband. At the age of 87, Whitney went up in a hot air balloon to use the experience in her novel The Singing Stones (1990). "During those quiet moments when the burner wasn't being activated, all was still and calm and utterly peaceful. Only once when the burner was on did I look up into the fabric overhead where deafening flame speared toward the top, though never touching anything. That was a bit frightening to watch, and I didn't look upward again. At least all that hot air kept us warm, as Jilly had said it would." Her 76th book, Amethyst Dreams (1997) she published at the age of 94. The story was set in the sunny, seaside paradise of North Carolina's Topsail Island, and depicts the mystery around Hallie Knight's friend Susan, who has disappeared from her home. "During these years, even my view of death had changed and broadened. I had gradually come to a conviction that some sort of "life" went on beyond the ending we called death... I believe in the healing our minds could perform, that the love could perform..." (from The Singing Stones, 1990) Whitney's several awards included Edgar Allan Poe best juvenile award (1961); Sequoyah Children's Book award (1963); Malice Domestic award (1989); Agatha award (1990) for lifetime achievement, and Lifetime Achievement award from Society of Midland Authors (1995). In 1975 Whitney served as president of Mystery Writers of America and was named a Grand Master by that organization in 1988. Her first textbook, Writing Juvenile Fiction, came out in 1947. It was followed by Writing Juvenile Stories and Novels (1976) and Guide to Fiction Writing (1982), which is along with Patricia Highsmith's Plotting And Writing Suspense Fiction (1966) among the most practical introductions to the craft of writing. Whitney also served on The Writer magazine's editorial board. She died from pneumonia at the age of 104, on February 8, 2008, in Faber, Va. For further reading: 'Whitney, Phyllis A. (1903-2008),' in Encyclopedia of Romance Fiction, edited by Kristin Ramsdell (2018); Young Adult Writers, edited by Tom Pendergast and Sara Pendergast (1999); 'Phyllis A. Whitney, 1903-,' in Past and Promise: Lives of New Jersey Women, compiled by the Women's Project of New Jersey Inc., Joan N. Burstyn, editor-in-chief (1997); Twentieth-Century Romance and Historical Writers, edited by Aruna Vasudevan (1994); Contemporary Authors, New Revision Series, Vol. 25 (1989); Thirteen Mistresses of Murder by Elaine Budd (1986); Whithey, Phyllis A(yame)' by Kay J. Mussell, in Twentieth Century Crime and Mystery Writers, edited by John M. Reilly (1985); 'Springboard to Fiction' by Phyllis A. Whitney, in The Writer 89 (1976); 'Writing the Gothic Novel' by Phyllis A. Whitney, in The Writer 80 (1967). Selected works:
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